Electronic Circuits and Diagram-Electronics Projects and Design

In embedded C, pre defined libraries play very important role to compile a program and significantly reduces the code size for particular. However, the optimization and the output file size are very much dependent upon the compiler. In AVR Studio predefined library is pretty big. And, it is a very complex one. To offer portability, there a huge amount of work has been made in its Header files. Plus, they have been successful to keep the rules for its Embedded C closer to the ANSI C. They resolved the register addressing problem by defining Macros with the same of corresponding…

So far I’ve discussed about the micro controller and the compiler software. I’ve yet not written anything about programming. ATmega32 series micro controllers support 3 types of programming   Parallel Programming   ISP Programming or serial Programming   Programming via JTAG Here ISP stands for In System Programmer. To burn a micro controller just the burning Hardware is not enough, it requires software also that would download the program present in a computer or memory device into the micro controller.                 Now the software which I am concerned about is named PONY PROGRAMMER 2.06. My circuit is adapted from its…

For computers, program written in one programming language can support different hardware configurations. But things are different for microcontrollers.  Each family of micro controllers has its unique type of hardware architecture, so that its instruction sets, register configuration and memories.                 So for each architecture of Micro controller family, there at least one compiler is present, supporting at least that particular micro controller family or multiple. Most of them support programming in assembly language, some of them support C. JAVA is rare. Better don’t look for it, because most popular Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) doesn’t support it. AVR studio supports…

Hi all, We are introducing you to a new author Rakesh Bute today. Rakesh is an engineering student in the stream of Applied Electronics and Instrumentation from Asansol Engineering College.  He will be writing a series of articles about AVR micro controllers, which later will be combined to form as a tutorial of the same. Introduction to ATmega32 (AVR Series) 8bit Microcontroller In modern days, there have been many advancement and many cutting edge technology have been developed, but still 8 bit microcontrollers have its own role in the digital electronics market dominated 16-32-64 bit digital devices. Although powerful microcontroller…

So you may have guessed something from the name itself – “Special Function Registers” known with an acronym SFR. Well, your guess is right Okay! Lets come to the point. There are 21 Special function registers (SFR) in 8051 micro controller and this includes Register A, Register B, Processor Status Word (PSW), PCON etc etc.  There are 21 unique locations for these 21 special function registers and each of these register is of 1 byte size. Some of these special function registers are bit addressable (which means you can access 8 individual bits inside a single byte), while some others…

Lets begin this article with a simple question. “What is an addressing mode ?“. A simple question always has a simple answer too. Addressing mode is a way to address an operand.  Operand means the data we are operating upon (in most cases source data). It can be a direct address of memory, it can be register names, it can be any numerical data etc. I will explain this with a simple data move instruction of 8051. MOV A,#6AH Here the data 6A is the operand, often known as source data. When this instruction is executed, the data 6AH is…

A micro controller is an integrated circuit or a chip with a processor and other support devices like program memory, data memory, I/O ports, serial communication interface etc integrated together. Unlike a microprocessor (ex: Intel 8085), a microcontroller does not require any external interfacing of support devices. Intel 8051 is the most popular microcontroller ever produced in the world market. Now lets talk about 8051 microcontroller in detail. Before going further, it will be interesting for you to understand the difference between a Microprocessor and Microcontroller. We have a detailed article which describes the basic difference between both. Microprocessor vs…

When you start learning about Microprocessors (in most case you will begin with Intel 8085) and Microcontrollers (usually you will begin with Intel 8051 from the MCS 51 micro controller family), the first question that pops up is “hey… what’s the difference in between” ? In this article I am explaining the basic differences and similarities between a microprocessor and micro controller. In fact you can call this article a simple comparison of both micro computing devices. This comparison will be same (at the basic level) for any micro processor and controller.  So lets begin. At the basic level, a…

Six pin Microcontrollers from Atmel-AVR ATtiny10 The latest AVR ATtiny10 is highly suitable for large volume market applications. AVR ATtiny10 has 1kilobytes of programmable flash memory, 32 bytes of internal Static Ram,  8-bit Analog to Digital converter, a 16-bit timer with Pulse Width Modulation, 12 MIPS of processing throughput and an analog comparator.Using the AVR CPU, this device is supposed to give 6 times performance of any other similar size & cost device available in the market. Atmel says “If your application needs higher processing power with lower current consumption, AVR ATtiny10 is the right soultion” All tinyAVR microcontrollers use…