Electronic Circuits and Diagram-Electronics Projects and Design

When audio signals are transmitted over thousands of kilometres through radio transmission, the audio frequencies that lie within the frequency range of 15 Hertz to 20 KiloHertz has very small signal power and thus cannot be transmitted via antenna for communication purposes. The radiation of electrical energy is only possible at frequencies above 20 KiloHertz. The main advantage of high frequency signals is that they can be transmitted over very long distances by dissipating very small power. Thus, the audio signals must be sent along with the high frequency signals for communication. This can be done by superimposing electrical audio…

A PCB is used to connect electronic components electrically. This is done by making conductive path ways for circuit connections by etching tracks from copper sheet laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. A PCB consists of a conducting layer that is made up of thin copper foil. The insulating layer di-electric is laminated together with epoxy resin prepreg. The most commonly used PCB type is the FR-4. Boards may be single sided or double sided. Double sided PCB can be used to connect electronic components on both sides through through-hole plating. This is done by copper plating the walls of each…

Terahertz transistors are the new generation semiconductor transistors developed by Intel Corporation. The researchers in Intel had developed a new transistor structure that maintains Moore’s law and would lead them into the discovery of these high speed new generation transistors. The terahertz transistor basically has higher speed (in GHz), High power efficiency, and high heat reduction capacity. These transistors have a fast switching rate of more than trillion times per sec. They also have the capability to perform 50 to 100 times faster than normal traditional transistors. The first terahertz transistor was only capable for handling 3GHz. But the latest…

Thin film solar cells are the new generation solar cells that contain multiple thin film layers of photo voltaic materials. The thin film solar cells (TFSC) are also known as Thin Film Photo Voltaic cell (TFPV). The thicknesses of thin film layers are very less as (few nano meters) compared to traditional P-N junction solar cells. According to the type of photo voltaic material used, the thin film solar cells are classified into four types. They are 1) Amorphous silicon (a-Si) and other thin-film silicon (TF-Si) 2) Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) 3) Copper indium gallium deselenide (CIS or CIGS) 4) Dye-sensitized…

Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) Basics of Varistor A varistor/voltage dependent resistor (VDR) is a component which has a voltage – current characteristics that is very much similar to that of a diode. This component is used to protect electrical devices from high transient voltages. They are planted in the devices in such a manner that it will short itself when a high current is produced due to the high voltage. Thus the current dependent components in the device will remain safe from the sudden surge. I have already explained in detail the working and applications of a variable resistor [varistor]….

Working of  SWR Meters This article focuses on the concept of Standing Wave Ratio, its measurement using SWR meters, directional swr meter, Voltage Standing wave ratio (vswr), Swr bridge circuit, applications and problems with an SWR meter. SWR Meter IMAGE SOURCE SWR meters are used to measure and denote the standing wave ratio in a communication line. That is, the meter will denote the exact mismatch between the transmission line and the load, thus helping to know the degree of effectiveness of the impedance matching efforts. Standing Wave Ratio To know more about SWR Meter, it is necessary that you…

What is a Smart Antenna? Smart Antennas, also known as multiple antennas, adaptive array antennas, and so on is used to increase the efficiency in digital wireless communication systems. It works by taking the advantage of the diversity effect at the transceiver of the wireless system that is the source and the destination. The term diversity effect refers to the transmission and reception of multiple radio frequencies that are used to decrease the error during data communication and also to increase data speed between the source and the destination. This type of technology has already found its significance in most…

RedTacton Technology This detailed article on Red Tacton technology is developed by our team for students as a Seminar topic for their academic needs. We have referenced various research papers,reports and other documentations for developing this article. We have discussed about various infrared and Bluetooth wireless technologies in our recent posts. But the technology has been advanced that these technologies have been overrated. Now, researchers are trying to develop a new path for transmission of signals called Human Area Networking. As the name indicates, such a technology will have the human body surface to transmit and receive signals at very…

Photonic Integrated Circuit Technology Photonic Integrated Circuit (also known as PIC), is a complex integrated circuit which incorporates a lot of optical devices to form a single photonic circuit. The main difference between a PIC and an Electronic IC is that PIC is analogous to an Electronic Integrated Circuit.  Many optical devices like optical amplifiers, multiplexers, de-multiplexers, optical lasers, attenuators and also detectors are integrated on to a Photonic Integrated Circuit. For a large-scale operation of such a device thousands of optical devices will be integrated on to the device. In a PIC, the signals are sent by superimposing them…

3-D Technology Television has been one of the biggest entertainments since its invention. From its evolution in black and white format, the television technology has later developed to bring colour visuals in CRT displays and later LCD, LED and also Plasma. Nowadays we can get TV’s that is almost 61-inches wide and that too with a very small thickness. The visuals are also in High-def format, which is so clear that we feel like sitting in front of it the whole time. With later developments in the TV technology, one question arises in our minds…WHAT’S NEXT?? The answer is clear…3-D…