Electronic Circuits and Diagram-Electronics Projects and Design

As innovative ideas are introduced along with the technological boom, our communication methods are becoming more and more easier. We have seen devices communicating each other with the help of wires, cables, radio-signals, wireless and also infrared signals. Apart from these physical connections, there are also some protocols (a set of commands and responses) that should be obeyed by the devices so as to stream their data. These protocols include The amount of data that should be sent at a time. The meaning of the bits that are sent and received. Whether the data that was sent is the data…

Definition A capacitor is an electronic device that is used to store electrical energy. They are only used to store the electrons and they are not capable of producing them. Invention of the Capacitor There are many stories behind the invention of the capacitor. A German scientist named Ewald Georg von Kleist was known to invent the capacitor in November 1745. But, he did not have any detailed notes or records of his invention. So, he was given the credit for evolution of the capacitor. A few months later a Dutch professor called Pieter van Musschenbroek found a similar device…

Introduction Global Positioning System (GPS), has found itself as a gateway for the cutting edge technology for this century. It was designed and developed by USA during the late 19th century after recognizing its importance in military applications. Due to its accurate positioning capabilities and navigation and timing services it was later open for civilian uses as well.   Working of GPS A GPS system consists of •             A GPS enabled product like a GPS phone or a GPS Receiver •             A plan for the extent of GPS data. Some plans provide all information’s about the locality you are in….

CRO is a very versatile instrument in laboratory for measurement of voltage, current, frequency and phase angle of any electrical quantity. But before we go ahead with dis­cussion on measurement of electrical quantities with CRO, we should understand some basic oscilloscope patterns. Basic Oscilloscope Patterns Assume that a sinusoidal voltage signal is applied to the horizontal deflection plates without applying any voltage signal to the vertical deflec­tion plates, as shown in figure. At point A in time, the voltage is zero so the spot remains undeflected at centre point of the screen. At point B in time, voltage Vh is…

INTRODUCTION Almost all electronic devices used in electronic circuits need a dc source of power to operate. The source of dc power is used to establish the dc operating points (Q-points) for the passive and active electronic devices incorporated in the system. The dc power supply is typically connected to each and every stage in an electronic system. It means that the single requirement common to all phases of electronics is the need for a supply of dc power. For portable low-power systems batteries may be used, but their operating period is limited. Thus for long time operation frequent recharging…

PLL Application – FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) Demodulator FSK demodulator  using NE-SE 565 IC A very useful application of the 565 PLL is as a FSK demodulator. In the 565 PLL the frequency shift is usually accomplished by driving a VCO with the binary data signal so that the two resulting frequencies corre­spond to the logic 0 and logic 1 states of the binary data signal. The frequencies corresponding to logic 1 and logic 0 states are commonly called the mark and space frequencies. Several standards are used to set the mark and space frequencies. An FSK signal demodulator can…

PLL Application – Frequency Demodulation Using NE-SE 565 IC Frequency demodulation or detection can be obtained directly by using the PLL circuit. When the centre frequency of the PLL is selected or designed at the FM carrier frequency, the filtered or output voltage in the circuit shown in figure, is obviously the desired demodulated voltage, that varies in magnitude in proportion to the signal frequency. The PLL circuit thus can be operated as complete IF strip, limiter, and detector as employed in FM receivers. The 565, very popular PLL unit, containing a phase comparator PC, amplifier, and VCO, is shown in…

PLL Applications 1. Frequency Multiplication or Frequency Synthesis The block diagram of a frequency muliplier (or synthesizer) is shown in figure. In this circuit, a frequency divider is inserted between the output of the VCO and the phase comparator (PC) so that the loop signal to the PC is at frequency fOUT while the output of VCO is N fOUT. This output is a multiple of the input frequency as long as the loop is in lock. The desired amount of multiplication can be obtained by selecting a proper divide- by N network where N is an integer. Figure shows…

How a PLL works ? Consider VCO operating without input signal at free-running frequency fr and input signal of frequency fIN increasing from zero is applied to the PC. If the input frequency is less than fIN1, then the error voltage Ve is zero as illustrated in figure and VCO operates at a frequency fr. When the input signal frequency fIN reaches a frequency fin1 (the lower edge of the capture range), then the output or error voltage Ve jumps from zero to some negative voltage with beat notes of frequency (difference between input signal frequency and actual VCO output…

Operating principle of Phase Locked Loops The block diagram showing operating principle of PLL is given in figure. As illustrated in this fig, the PLL consists of a phase detector, a low-pass filter and a voltage controlled oscillator. Phase Detector A phase detector is basically a comparator that compares the input frequency fin with feedback frequency fout. The phase detector receives two digital signals, one from the input, the other feedback from the output. The loop is locked when these two signals are of the same frequency and have a fixed phase difference (A locked PLL is analogous to an…