Line follower robot using 8051
Line follower robots were one of the earliest automatic guided robots. They are able to follow a line marked on a contrasting background, usually a black line on a white surface or a white line on a black surface. Usually, the line follower robot works on a closed loop feedback algorithm where the feedback from the line sensor is used by the controller for correcting the path of the robot. The sensors are usually LED/LDR, LED/Photodiode or LED/Phototransistor pairs and the controller is an electronic circuit which executes the desired feedback algorithm. Gear motors are used for driving the robotic wheels.
Note:- If you are interested in Arduino based development, we have created this same line follower robot using arduino as well. You may try the Arduino based circuit as well to see how the same project is developed using different controllers.
The line follower robot presented here is designed to follow a black line on a white background. It has a pair of sensors (LED / LDR) and works on a simple “align robot on the center of the line algorithm”. Actually you does not need a microcontroller for implementing such a simple robot. A set of comparators and a motor driver circuit will happily do the job. But I am using the microcontroller just to demonstrate the technology. Also this project serves as a platform for advanced line follower robots which works on complex algorithms. AT89S52 from Atmel is the microcontroller used here.
Sensor
The sensor part consists of a set of LED / LDR pairs for the left side and right sides. These LED / LDR pairs detect the black line on the white surface on which the robot is supposed to roam. The LDR has an inverse relationship between its resistance and the light falling on it. When a particular LED / LDR pair is above the white surface the reflected light falls on the LDR and its resistance drops, conversely when the LED / LDR pair is above the black line, its resistance rises. This variation in resistance of the LDRs is used to assess the orientation of the line follower robot in the X-Y plane. The figure shown below depicts the sensor circuit.
Comparator circuit.
The job of the comparator circuit is to convert analog voltage output of the sensor into a digital format for the microcontroller to read. The comparator circuit is built around opamp IC LM324 (IC1). LM324 is a general purpose quad opamp which can be operated from a single supply. Out of the four comparators inside LM324, only two are used here. One for the left side and the other for the right side. Circuit diagram of the comparator section is shown in the figure below.
Preset resistor R10 and R11 are used to set the 1V reference for the left and right comparators respectively. Output from the left and right sensors (node A and B) are connected to the non inverting input on the left and right comparators. Output of the left comparator is connected to P1.o of the microcontroller and output of the right comparator is connected to P1.1 of the microcontroller. Both comparators are wired in non inverting mode and the table given below shows their output voltage with respect to the possible input voltage combinations.
Microcontroller (AT89S52).
The task of the microcontroller here is to control the left and right motors according to the feedback signals from the left and right comparators so that the robot remains on the correct path (the black line). The logic executed by the microcontroller for keeping the robot in track is illustrated in the table below.
Motor driver circuit.
The job of the motor driver circuit is to drive the motors according to the output signals from the microcontroller. The motor driver circuit is based on ULN2003A IC. ULN2003A is a high current (500mA), high voltage (50V) darlington array consisting of seven darlington pairs with common emitter and open collector. Out of the seven channels available in the IC,only two are used here. One for the left channel and one for the right channel. Schematic of the motor driver circuit is shown in the figure below. The operation of ULN2003 is very simple to explain. When a particular input line (say pin 1) is made high the corresponding output line (pin 16 goes low) and vice versa.
Capacitors C4 and C5 isolates the remaining parts of the circuit from the electric interference produced by the motor. The back emf voltage produced when motor is switched and the voltage spikes due to arcing of brushes mainly accounts for the above said electrical interference. These capacitors are very essential and without them you can expect sudden crashes from the microcontroller side.
Complete circuit diagram.
Switch S1, capacitor C3 and resistor R9 forms a debouncing reset circuit for the microcontroller. Capacitors C1, C2 and 12MHz crystal X1 are associated with the microcontroller’s clock circuit. R12 and R13 are pull-up resistors. Remaining sections of the circuit were explained already.
Line Follower Robot Program
ORG 000H // origin
MOV P1,#00000011B // sets port 1 as input port
MOV P0,#00000000B // sets port 0 as output port
BACK: MOV P0,#00000011B // starts both motors
JB P1.0, LABEL1 // branches to LABEL1 if left sensor is ON
CLR P0.0 // stops left motor
SETB P0.1 // runs right motor
ACALL WAIT1 // calls WAIT1 subroutine
SJMP BACK // jumps back to the BACK loop
LABEL1: JB P1.1, LABEL2 // branches to LABEL2 if right sensor is ON
SETB P0.0 // runs left motor
CLR P0.1 // stops right motor
ACALL WAIT2 // calls WAIT2 subroutine
SJMP BACK // jumps back to the BACK loop
LABEL2: SJMP BACK // jumps back to the BACK loop
WAIT1:JNB P1.0,WAIT1 // waits until robot is back from rightward deviation
RET // returns from WAIT1 subroutine
WAIT2:JNB P1.1,WAIT2 // waits until robot is back from leftward deviation
RET // returns from WAIT2 subroutine
END // end statement
About the program.
The first part of the program initializes Port 1 as input port and Port 0 as output part. After this, both motors are started so that the robot goes straight. Then the programs checks whether there is a deviation to right. If there is a deviation to right, the program stops left motor and runs right motor and waits until the robot comes back from the deviation. When the robot is back on line again, both motors are started.
If there is no deviation to right, the program checks for a deviation to left. If there is a deviation to left, left motor is stopped and right motor is activated. This condition is maintained until the robot is back on track. When the robot is back on track again, both motors are started. Lastly if there is no deviation to left or right, both motors are kept ON.
Notes.
- A 6V battery can be used for powering the circuit even though the power supply shown in the circuit diagram is 5V DC.
- For setting up the robot, place the robot on the line so that both the sensor pairs point on white and the black line goes in between them. Then adjust preset resistors R10 and R11 so that the LEDs D3 and D4 glows.
- Sensor LEDs D1 and D2 are ultra-bright green LEDs.
- OPAMP output LEDs D3 and D4 are general purpose, miniature, yellow LEDs.
- Sensor LDRs R4 and R7 are general purpose LDRs.
Buy Line follower robot project Kit
Testing video.
Video will be added soon.
Photographs.
Photographs will be added soon
Also, check our post line follower robot using Arduino
31 Comments
plz add the working video
FRIEND BUT WHAT ABOUT WHEN BOTH THE IR GIVE 0, IT SHOULD STOP
which is the software user for programming microcontroller in this circuit
Shall you introduce the programming software for this circuit diagram
c code for this project…
#include
sbit sensor1=P1^0;
sbit sensor2=P1^1;
sbit motor1=P0^0;
sbit motor2=P0^1;
void main()
{
P0=0x00;
while(1)
{
if(sensor1&&sensor2)
{
motor1=1;
motor2=1;
}
else if(sensor1&&sensor2==0)
{
motor1=1;
motor2=0;
}
else if(sensor1==0&&sensor2)
{
motor1=0;
motor2=1;
}
else if(sensor1==0&&sensor2==0)
{
motor1=0;
motor2=0;
}
}
}
Can I use gear dc motor with another rpm:50, 100,…?
‘C’ Code for Line follower Robot:
#include
sbit sensor-left=P1^0;
sbit sensor-right=P1^1;
sbit motor-left=P0^0;
sbit motor-right=P0^1;
void main()
{
sensor-left=sensor-right=0;
motor-left=motor-right=0;
while(1)
{
if((sensor-left==1)&&(sensor-right==0))
{
motor-left=1;
motor-right=0;
}
else if((sensor-left==0)&&(sensor-right==1))
{
motor-left=0;
motor-right=1;
}
else if((sensor-left==0)&&(sensor-right==0))
{
motor-left=0;
motor-right=0;
}
else if((sensor-left==1)&&(sensor-right==1))
{
motor-left=1;
motor-right=1;
}
}
}
Adjust your motors and sensors as per your requirement.
Can you give details to burn this assembly language program which is given above for line follower using microcontroller robot in IC AT89s52 …. Reply fast sir ….. thanks for your overall effort ..
can you help write that code in c ?
@desean – Sorry! We don’t have the C code with us now. We shall try to publish C code later.
we could use l293d h-bridge ic……. program should aslo be written in c so there could be a choice to choose from
i will create advance andriode human robot on 5yrs computer study thank to give so much ideas
concerned sir\mam please send the full details of any microcontroller project,ie how to build……….to………finishing.
could you add video???????????
sir…send me the circuit diagram of propeller fan led clock…plzz….it’s urgent….for me
this is super……but even i need a circuit diagram of propellor clock so plzzzzz send it sir……
sry.i dont have..find by ur self
by using this program it is not possible to run robot in strait manner even though there is strait track… so plz check it and made suitable changes
please upload video nad photograph asap ..i really need this
yup….that is well project….is this given program is sufficient for run the object?
Very simple and nice project. But try to furnish as much informations as posible like the program language, the compiler used etc so that even a novice shall be able to use it. Thanks.
The program is written assembly language.
The assembly program was converted into hexcode using a free software called MIDE-51 (just google for it). The hexcode was burnt into the microcontroller using an in system programmer (ISP). Such ISP programmers are readily available in electronic shops and online electronic stores.
can u pls explain in what way it is useful
yaa plz add a video nd also pic of working…nd also put the one by one process on it. plz sir i wanna learn this project deeply…. thanks for this all of done part
can v implement dis project using 8051 instead of 89S52
plz give me the explanation of each part component especially microcontroller
pls add the video of the functional circuit.
pls go ahead with the project. its working. i have tested it.
video will be added this week
Please add the video
great ..thank you..
So helpful, thanks guys 🙂