Electronic Circuits and Diagram-Electronics Projects and Design

In chopper circuits, unidirectional power semiconductors are used.  If these semiconductor devices are arranged appropriately, a chopper can work in any of the four quadrants. we can classify chopper circuits according to their working in any of these four quadrants  as  type  A, type B, type C, type D and type E. Let us now take a look of these classifications and the characteristics of various classifications. Type A Chopper or First–Quadrant Chopper This type of chopper is shown in the figure. It is known as first-quadrant chopper or type A chopper. When the chopper is on, v0 = VS…

Having known about the byte oriented file register operation, only two categories are remaining – the bit oriented file register operations and the control operations. Bit-oriented file register operations: Here these instructions are used when a single bit needs to be affected/changed/checked. There are only four bit-oriented instruction for the 16F84A Mnemonics & Operands Description BCF f,b Bit clear f (b represents the bit to be cleared in the specified register) BSF f,b Bit set f BTFSC f,b Bit test f, skip (the next line) if clear BTFSS f,b Bit test f skip (the next line) if set The instructions…

The Hollywood film industry went to a whole new level after 3-D movies like James Cameron’s “Avatar” to the latest “Underworld Awakening”. The perspective of watching movies through a whole new dimension is believed to have brought movie fans closer to reality. But, people often complain about headaches and other eye problems after watching a movie continuously for 2 to 3 hours.   But, due to the awesome movie effects, most companies are ignoring this problem and are introducing more and more 3D enabled gadgets like 3D televisions and smart phones. Smart phones like LG Optimus 3D and HTC evo 3D…

Choppers  A chopper is basically a dc to dc converter whose main function/usage is to create adjustable dc voltage from fixed dc voltage sources through the use of semiconductors. Types of choppers The main classification of the types of choppers is given in another post. Take a look – TYPES OF CHOPPER CIRCUITS There are two types of choppers – AC and DC. AC Link Chopper In the case of an ac link chopper, first dc is converted to ac with the help of an inverter. After that, AC is stepped-up or stepped-down by a transformer, which is then converted…

The instruction set of PIC16F84A has 35 instructions [The controller "understands" 35 words].These instructions are otherwise called Mnemonics. While introducing about the PIC16F84A till the hello world program,  7 instructions are introduced to you which were, BSF – bit set f BCF- bit clear f MOVLW – move literal value to W-register MOVWF – move contents of W-register to file [specified] GOTO – go to the address [the label indicated] BTFSS –  Bit test f, skip if set DECFSZ –  Decrement f, skip if zero. Now, only 28 instruction to go! Before dealing with the instructions, let us classify these…

Out of many semiconductor controlled devices, MCT is considered to be the latest. The device is basically a thyristor with two MOSFET’s built into the gate structure. A MOSFET is used for turning ON the MCT and another one is used for turning it OFF. The device is mostly used for switching applications and has other characteristics like high frequency, high power, and low conduction drop and so on. An MCT combines the feature of both conventional four layer thyristor having regenerative action and MOS- gate structure. In this device, all the gate signals are applied with respect to anode,…

Smallest Data Storage Device There will be a time when all the major technologies in the world will be in nanoscale. Recent developments have been undergone in daily used electronic gadgets like mobiles, computers, laptops and so on. As a part of this, a group of researchers from IBM and CFEL (Centre for free-electron Laser Science) have been successful in developing the world’s smallest magnetic data storage unit. The newly invented unit needs only 12 atoms for storing one bit. That is, 96 atoms for storing one byte. In a conventional memory storage unit a byte consists of half a…

In embedded C, pre defined libraries play very important role to compile a program and significantly reduces the code size for particular. However, the optimization and the output file size are very much dependent upon the compiler. In AVR Studio predefined library is pretty big. And, it is a very complex one. To offer portability, there a huge amount of work has been made in its Header files. Plus, they have been successful to keep the rules for its Embedded C closer to the ANSI C. They resolved the register addressing problem by defining Macros with the same of corresponding…

The previous posts about PIC16F84A explained about controlling the GPIO(General Purpose I/O) pins of the IC. Previously laid circuits explained only about how to switch on or off an LED. You just simply set the desired pin to output and then send a high/low signal to switch on/off the LED. Now, in this post, let us implement the blinking of LED – “The hello world program of embedded electronics” . So what do you do to make an LED blink? Just switch it on and off in an infinite loop.  – yeah its right, but this is not going to…

laser cell construction Cyclops, a superhero from the famous comics “X men” has been the favorite of many people across the world. In the story, the character produces powerful laser beams by optical blast from his eyes. This fiction has become a reality by the joint efforts of Seok-Hyun Yun and Malte Gather, two physicists at Massachusetts General Hospital.  They were able to develop a technique by which laser can be produced from human cells. The device used to produce this laser consists of the same components that are used to produce a real time laser. That is, a pump…