Electronic Circuits and Diagram-Electronics Projects and Design

Floating regulator. Floating regulator is a type of voltage regulator that works without a real ground connection. This is a trick used for regulating voltages higher than the rated value. For example the typical output voltage range of LM723 voltage regulator IC is 2 to 37V DC. The upper limit can be pushed beyond 37V DC by using the floating technique. In floating configuration, the ground pin of the regulator will not be at the same voltage of the return path of the load current. This can be achieved by putting a Zener diode in series to the circuit ground. This makes…

PLL FM demodulator. A simple PLL FM demodulator circuit using IC XR2212 is shown here. XR2212 is a highly stable, monolithic PLL (phase locked loop) IC specifically designed for communication and control system applications. The IC has 0.01 Hz to 300KHz frequency range, 4.5 to 20V operating voltage range, 2mV to 3Vrms dynamic range, high temperature range, TTL / CMOS compatibility and adjustable tracking range. The block diagram of a typical PLL FM demodulator circuit is shown below. The working of a PLL FM demodulator is very easy to understand.The input FM signal and the output of the VCO is…

In chopper circuits, unidirectional power semiconductors are used.  If these semiconductor devices are arranged appropriately, a chopper can work in any of the four quadrants. we can classify chopper circuits according to their working in any of these four quadrants  as  type  A, type B, type C, type D and type E. Let us now take a look of these classifications and the characteristics of various classifications. Type A Chopper or First–Quadrant Chopper This type of chopper is shown in the figure. It is known as first-quadrant chopper or type A chopper. When the chopper is on, v0 = VS…

Having known about the byte oriented file register operation, only two categories are remaining – the bit oriented file register operations and the control operations. Bit-oriented file register operations: Here these instructions are used when a single bit needs to be affected/changed/checked. There are only four bit-oriented instruction for the 16F84A Mnemonics & Operands Description BCF f,b Bit clear f (b represents the bit to be cleared in the specified register) BSF f,b Bit set f BTFSC f,b Bit test f, skip (the next line) if clear BTFSS f,b Bit test f skip (the next line) if set The instructions…

The Hollywood film industry went to a whole new level after 3-D movies like James Cameron’s “Avatar” to the latest “Underworld Awakening”. The perspective of watching movies through a whole new dimension is believed to have brought movie fans closer to reality. But, people often complain about headaches and other eye problems after watching a movie continuously for 2 to 3 hours.   But, due to the awesome movie effects, most companies are ignoring this problem and are introducing more and more 3D enabled gadgets like 3D televisions and smart phones. Smart phones like LG Optimus 3D and HTC evo 3D…

Choppers  A chopper is basically a dc to dc converter whose main function/usage is to create adjustable dc voltage from fixed dc voltage sources through the use of semiconductors. Types of choppers The main classification of the types of choppers is given in another post. Take a look – TYPES OF CHOPPER CIRCUITS There are two types of choppers – AC and DC. AC Link Chopper In the case of an ac link chopper, first dc is converted to ac with the help of an inverter. After that, AC is stepped-up or stepped-down by a transformer, which is then converted…

The instruction set of PIC16F84A has 35 instructions [The controller "understands" 35 words].These instructions are otherwise called Mnemonics. While introducing about the PIC16F84A till the hello world program,  7 instructions are introduced to you which were, BSF – bit set f BCF- bit clear f MOVLW – move literal value to W-register MOVWF – move contents of W-register to file [specified] GOTO – go to the address [the label indicated] BTFSS –  Bit test f, skip if set DECFSZ –  Decrement f, skip if zero. Now, only 28 instruction to go! Before dealing with the instructions, let us classify these…

Out of many semiconductor controlled devices, MCT is considered to be the latest. The device is basically a thyristor with two MOSFET’s built into the gate structure. A MOSFET is used for turning ON the MCT and another one is used for turning it OFF. The device is mostly used for switching applications and has other characteristics like high frequency, high power, and low conduction drop and so on. An MCT combines the feature of both conventional four layer thyristor having regenerative action and MOS- gate structure. In this device, all the gate signals are applied with respect to anode,…

Smallest Data Storage Device There will be a time when all the major technologies in the world will be in nanoscale. Recent developments have been undergone in daily used electronic gadgets like mobiles, computers, laptops and so on. As a part of this, a group of researchers from IBM and CFEL (Centre for free-electron Laser Science) have been successful in developing the world’s smallest magnetic data storage unit. The newly invented unit needs only 12 atoms for storing one bit. That is, 96 atoms for storing one byte. In a conventional memory storage unit a byte consists of half a…

In embedded C, pre defined libraries play very important role to compile a program and significantly reduces the code size for particular. However, the optimization and the output file size are very much dependent upon the compiler. In AVR Studio predefined library is pretty big. And, it is a very complex one. To offer portability, there a huge amount of work has been made in its Header files. Plus, they have been successful to keep the rules for its Embedded C closer to the ANSI C. They resolved the register addressing problem by defining Macros with the same of corresponding…